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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

The Challenge of the Country: A Study of... (by George Walter Fiske, Young Mens Christian Associat...)
The Growth of Thought as Affecting the P... (by William Withington)
The War and Unity : Being Lectures Deliv... (by Cranage, David Herbert Somerset)
Village Life in China; A Study in Sociol... (by Smith, Arthur Henderson)
Suicide, A Study in Sociology: (by Durkheim, Emile)
Manifesto of the Communist Party (by Marx, Karl)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
Essays in Sociological Theory (by Parsons, Talcott)
Orion or the Antiquity of the Vedas. (by Tilak, Bal Gangadhar)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects (by Guernsey, Henry N. (Henry Newell))
The Young Man's Guide (by Alcott, William Andrus)
Taboo and genetics, a study of the biolo... (by Knight, Melvin Moses)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of C... (by Weber, Max)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

The Challenge of the Country: A Study of... (by George Walter Fiske, Young Mens Christian Associat...)
The Growth of Thought as Affecting the P... (by William Withington)
The War and Unity : Being Lectures Deliv... (by Cranage, David Herbert Somerset)
Village Life in China; A Study in Sociol... (by Smith, Arthur Henderson)
Suicide, A Study in Sociology: (by Durkheim, Emile)
Manifesto of the Communist Party (by Marx, Karl)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
Essays in Sociological Theory (by Parsons, Talcott)
Orion or the Antiquity of the Vedas. (by Tilak, Bal Gangadhar)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects (by Guernsey, Henry N. (Henry Newell))
The Young Man's Guide (by Alcott, William Andrus)
Taboo and genetics, a study of the biolo... (by Knight, Melvin Moses)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of C... (by Weber, Max)

Top 100 books on Psychology

Applied Psychology : A Series of Twelve ... (by Warren Hilton)
The Art of War (by Tzu, Sun)
The Psychology of Management: The Functi... (by Lillian Moller Gilbreth)
The Science of Human Nature; A Psycholog... (by Pyle, William Henry)
The Origin and Nature of the Emotions (by Crile, George W.)
Diary Written in the Provincial Lunatic ... (by Pengilly, Mary Huestis)
Freud and the Scientific Method (by Rosenfels, Paul)
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psych... (by American Psychological Association)
Essay on the Creative Imagination (by Ribot, Théodule)
Behavior an Introduction to Comparative ... (by John B. Watson)
Psychology and Religion West and East (by C. G. Jung)
The Psychology of Beauty (by Ethel Dench Puffer)
An Introduction to the Theory of Mental ... (by Thorndike, Edward Lee)
The Sociology and Psychology of Terroris... (by Hudson, Rex A.)
Pathological Lying, Accusation, And Swin... (by Healy, William)

Top 100 books on Economics

Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
The Evolution of Modern Capitalism (by John A. Hobson)
The Theory of Business Enterprise (by Veblen, Thorstein)
The Trade Unions : An Appeal to the Work... (by Robert Somers)
Oeconomicus (by Xenophon, of Athens)
Progress and Poverty; an Inquiry Into th... (by George, Henry, 1839-1897)
The Morality of Capitalism
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
Walden (by Thoreau, Henry David)
The Soul of Man under Socialism (by Oscar Wilde)
Two Treatises of Civil Government (by Locke, John)
The Rights of Property; A Refutation of ... (by Thiers, Louis Adolphe)
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
An Essay on the Principle of Population (by Malthus, Thomas)
The Art of War (by Tzu, Sun)

Top 100 books on Government

Rights of Man, Score Aor Rom Volume Vol. II (by Paine, Thomas)
The Prince (by Machiavelli, Niccolò)
Plato redivivus : or, A dialogue concern... (by Neville, Henry)
Declaration of Taking up Arms (by Second Continental Congress)
The Constitutional Documents of the Puri... (by Gardiner, Samuel Rawson)
The Rights of the British Colonies Asser... (by Otis, James)
History of the Greek Revolution : Compil... (by John Lee Comstock)
Introduction to the Principles of Morals... (by Bentham, Jeremy)
Albany Plan of Union (by Franklin, Benjamin)
De Republica Anglorum; A Discourse on th... (by Smith, Thomas, Sir)
Laws (by Plato)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
An Essay on the Principle of Population (by Malthus, Thomas)
A Discourse of Government with Relation ... (by Fletcher, Andrew)
An Essay on the History of Civil Society (by Adam Ferguson)

Top 100 books on Law

The Simma Theologica Volume I (by Aquinas, Thomas, Saint)
Democracy in America (by Tocqueville, Alexis De)
Utilitarianism (by Mill, John Stuart)
Constitution of the New-England Anti-Sla... (by Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society)
Economic Sophisms (by Bastiat, Frédéric)
Marrow of Tradition, The (by Chesnutt, Charles Waddell)
The English Constitution (by Sir Frederick Pollock)
The Case of the Cherokee Nation against ... (by Cherokee Nation)
Human Rights (by Carter, Jimmy)
Terrorism, The Future, And U.S. Foreign ... (by Lee, Rensselaer)
Crime and Punishment (by Doestoevski, Feodor)
Bank Secrecy Act : Implementation of the... (by Bonner, Robert C.)
Federal Civil Rights Enforcement Effort;... Volume Year 1970 (by United States Commission On Civil Rights)
Institutes of the Laws of England : Or a... Volume Vol. 6 (by Coke, Edward, Sir)
Fulfilling the Letter and Spirit of the ... (by United States Commission On Civil Rights)

Top 100 books on Politics

Communist Manifesto, The (by Marx, Karl)
Heart of Darkness (by Conrad, Joseph)
The Souls of Black Folk (by Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt)
War and Peace (by Tolstoy, Leo)
A Modest Proposal (by Swift, Jonathan)
The Origin of the Family, Private Proper... (by Engels, Friedrich)
The Soul of Man under Socialism (by Oscar Wilde)
Les Misérables (by Hugo, Victor)
Politics Aristotle (by Ross, W. D.)
Communist Manifesto (by Marx, Karl)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
The Origin and Growth of the Common Law ... (by Hamilton, Peter Joseph)
The Federalist Papers (by Hamilton, Alexander)
Proposed Roads to Freedom : Socialism, A... (by Russell, Bertrand)
The Iron Heel (by London, Jack)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

Man and Abnormal Man, Including a Study ... (by MacDonald, Arthur, 1856-1936)
Types of Mankind, Or, Ethnological Resea... (by Nott, Josiah Clark)
Anthropology : Race, Language, Culture, ... (by Kroeber, Alfred Louis)
American Anthropologist : Vol. 06 Part 0... Volume Vol. 06 Part 01-02 (by American Anthropological Association)
Introduction to Anthropology (by Waitz, Theodore)
Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of... (by Morgan, Lewis Henry)
The Gift; Forms and Functions of Exchang... (by Mauss, Marcel)
The History of Mankind Volume: v.2 (by Ratzel, Friedrich, 1844-1904)
Anthropology and Modern Life (by Boas, Franz)
A Bibliography of the Anthropology of Pe... (by George Amos Dorsey)
The Living World : Containing Descriptio... Volume v 1 (by Arnold, Augustus C. L.)
Anthropology as a Practical Science. Add... (by Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir)
Early Civilization : An Introduction to ... (by Alexander A. Goldenweiser)
An Anthropologist's Life in the Twentiet... (by Foster, George Mcclelland)
The Dynamics of Culture Change : An Inqu... (by Malinowski, Bronislaw)